Revenge in Hamlet Essay - 1152 Words

In his play Hamlet, William Shakespeare frequently utilizes the word â€Å"revenge† and images associated with this word in order to illustrate the idea that the pursuit of revenge has caused the downfall of many people. He builds up the idea that revenge causes people to act recklessly through anger rather than reason. In Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes and Hamlet all seek to avenge the deaths of their fathers. Hamlet and Laertes manage to avenge their father’s deaths and in doing so, both rely more on their emotions rather than their reasoning, which eventually leads to their downfalls at the end of Hamlet. As the play begins, Hamlet is in a grieving period over the death of his father. What makes it worse is that only a few†¦show more content†¦This interaction alone sets in place the course of events which would lead to revenge being a method of downfall to prince Hamlet and Laertes for seeking and attaining revenge for their father’s deaths. Alt hough Hamlet knows well enough that he must avenge his fathers’ death, the action of revenge does not come easily to him. Hamlet throughout Hamlet is contemplating the revenge for his father’s death. Hamlet is indecisive, hesitant, and contemplative yet at other times impulsive. He is still, as it is, being influenced by his reason taking into consideration that Hamlet is a scholar. He does not act upon his feelings immediately but decides to investigate further on the suspicions he has about Claudius and his fathers’ death. This attitude tends to make Hamlet procrastinate and only until he has done away with his scholastic characters will he actually play out his Acton. Hamlet begins to react upon his feelings and does away with his reason as he says to the ghost that he will do away with all knowledge and memory and keep within his mind the want to revenge his fathers’ murder. â€Å"Yea, from the table of my memory I’ll wipe away all trivial fon d records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall live†, (1.5.96-103). Hamlet begins to exhibit the argued theme that revenge causes people to act recklesslyShow MoreRelatedRevenge in Hamlet1070 Words   |  5 Pagesmost tragic story lines of Shakespeare’s plays, Hamlet is definitely one of them. In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Fortinbras, Hamlet and Laertes each demonstrate the ways revenge leads to tragedy when they are unable to cope with the loss of a loved one. Young Fortinbras has intentions of honoring his father’s loss by gaining the territory that was rightfully theirs. The lengths he is willing to go compare to Hamlet’s determination to seek revenge upon his uncle, and father’s murderer, ClaudiusRead MoreEssay on Revenge in Hamlet912 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage. Shakespeare wrote hundreds of pieces, from sonnets to plays. Hamlet is one of his most well-known plays. There isn’t any shortage of revenge in Hamlet, and so that is the theme we’ll be discussing. Hamlet and Laertes are the most obvious character with revenge in their minds, and that’s who we’ll be focusing on throughout the essay. Two months before the beginning of the play, the King Hamlet dies. The King shows himself to two guards, Barnardo and Francisco, atRead MoreTheme Of Revenge In Hamlet1763 Words   |  8 PagesRevenge is one of the deepest instincts common to humanity. Different people emit different purposes of revenge and are most likely filled with an internal confliction of emotions. Once that individual gets his/her revenge, a feeling of justice is established in the mind. Unfortunately, many people blindly take revenge without thinking of their actions or the consequences and believe that they will be able to move on after they take revenge. Revenge is ultimately placed in the hands of the impatientRead MoreRevenge In Hamlet Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesHamlet is visited by his father’s ghost who ultimately gives him the task of enacting revenge upon Claudius, but because of his suppressed resentment he clashes with the idea of achieving retribution for his father. In addition â€Å"Sigmund Freud, in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess, announced that he had found in his own development all the symptoms of the Oedipus complex and that he was coming to consider â€Å"love of the mother and jealousy of the father† (Faber pg. 79). Hamlets impulsive actions seem to beRead MoreRevenge Themes in Hamlet1077 Words   |  5 PagesIn the play ‘Hamlet written by William Shakespeare in Elizabethan times, the theme of revenge is a constant throughout the plot. Not only does it underlie almost every scene, but it also has a major effect on the story as a whole. Two of the main revenge plots within the play are Hamlets aim to avenge his father by killing his uncle, the king Claudius, and Laertes aim to avenge the murder of his father by killing Hamlet. These two revenge plots play a major role in presenting to the audience theRead MoreTheme Of Revenge In Hamlet792 Words   |  4 PagesRevenge is something most people seek when they are hurt by someone or a loved one of theirs is hurt. Revenge can be a physical or verbal action toward someone. In William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the play has a major theme of revenge. Many of the characters in the play are seeking revenge, such as Hamlet, Claudius, and Laertes. Some of the characters are seeking revenge due to their father’s deaths, and others are encouraging someone to seek revenge. The theme revenge can lead to death is seenRead More Revenge In Hamlet Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Hamlet nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hamlet is a classic example of a tragedy as Hamlet suffers while trying to avenge his fathers death and eventually dies at the end while attempting to do so. Hamlet feels empty without resolution to his fatheramp;#8217;s death and since there is no justice system that is going to reveal the truth about his fatheramp;#8217;s death, he must take it into his own hands. Hamlet delays killing Claudius for a long time after the ghost appears. Hamlet delays hisRead MoreEssay On Revenge In Hamlet723 Words   |  3 Pages Hamlet essay â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth† is a widely known statement referring to revenge, though many don’t know the origins of the saying. The thing is, however, is it truly that simple? Or does revenge cause more problems than it solves? In the case of the play Hamlet, written by Shakespeare in the sixteenth century, it could be argued that it changes the way that people would look at revenge and put a spotlight on its complexities. In Hamlets quest for revenge for his father’sRead MoreThe Importance Of Revenge In Hamlet701 Words   |  3 Pages Shakespeares tragedy plays are based on revenge as the core, consequently, all the scenes depicting the emotion and the concern before the thought killing an enemy from the character pedal to build a string of art in Hamlets. Although, the revenge is evil however it is pitiful and sorrow when it starts with love and truth. Hamlet has a great love and a faith never collapsed for his mother. Thence, when confronted with the truth of his father died, he feels horrible and more depressed that hisRead MoreEssay on Revenge in Hamlet892 Words   |  4 PagesRevenge in Hamlet    It is natural human instinct for a son to feel offended over the death of his father.   So is the instance of the two young princes, both spurned by the sudden death of King Hamlet toward destinies of avenging fallen fathers, which emerge to permit comparisons in Shakespeares great tragedy Hamlet.   In the first act of the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, and Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, both are fatherless heirs whose uncles occupy the throne of their respected countries

Reaction Paper 1 Free Essays

Kaily Purtle 09-10-2012 Study of the Family Reaction Paper 1 In class we discussed Reading #4. This reading was about the â€Å"Super Mom†. We discussed our personally experiences along with readings. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now We talked about how stay at home mothers and working mothers get looked at by society and by their husbands. I will be writing my reaction paper on this topic because it is very interesting to me. The â€Å"Super Mom† is described in the White and Klein text as a â€Å"stroller in one hand, brief case in the other. † This means that the mother is doing all she can to provide for her family while still catering to her children. On the other end of the spectrum, a â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† is just a mother that stays home with the children. She takes care of every need that the children have while taking care of the home at the same time. The husbands of a â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† believe that it is easy. In the reading, the author says that mothers are faced with intensive mothering where they need to be mothers first before anything. To society, this â€Å"Stay at Home Mom† needs to justify whey she is unable to work outside of the home. There are single moms out there that work everyday so, they need to justify why they live at home. I personally believe that whether or no the mother stays at home just depends on the family situation. The children may needs extra attention that the mother needs to attend to or maybe the husband believes that his wife should stay at home and he makes enough money to take care of his family alone. It just depends I think. We also discussed what mothers should do if they work early till late. We all discussed our own experiences but mine was that my grandfather helped us out. He still does. My father works everyday almost and my mother is a teacher so they are not available during the day. My grandmother works and my grandfather is retired, so it is very easy for us to get ahold of him if we need anything especially since he lives across the street from me. I think we were just blessed to have my family so close to us that way we can help each other out. They are always there for us. Like I said, every family is different. They need to be able tot have someone there for their children when they need to be taken care of no matter if that contains extended family, a brother or sister and maybe the parents if they are available. How to cite Reaction Paper 1, Papers

Genesis Essay Example For Students

Genesis Essay In reading the book Genesis, it is hard to discern what to believe. Since thereare two stories of creation, I do not know which one is correct or if either iscorrect because they differ in such great aspects. To make them match, you mustbend the meaning of the words or look at the original translation. In a way,Genesis contradicts itself by doing this, thus leaving it to the reader todecide which one is correct. In the first story of creation, God produces theheavens and the earth. Then God said, Let the land produce vegetation. (Gen. 1:11). God creates the plants and animals on the third day and on thesixth day, he creates man in an image of his likening. If you say in Gen. 1:11,God gave the land the ability to produce vegetation instead of saying:instantaneously the land produced vegetation, the two stories parallel eachother better. According to the second story of creation, God creates man first,The Lord God formed the man from the dust of the ground and breathed into hisnostrils the breath of life and the man became a living being (Gen. 2:7) towork the soil so the vegetation may grow. In contradiction to the first story itsays, No shrub of the field had yet appeared on the earth and no plant of thefield had yet sprung up, for the Lord God had not sent rain on the earth andthere was no man to work the ground. (Gen. 2:5). God says, I give youevery seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that hasfruit with seed in it (Gen. 1:29). This quote could mean that man had theseeds for the plants from the earth and there were no plants before, the firststory might match up with the second. In this way, the bible makes it hard tobelieve that this is the way the earth was created. In the first book alone, ithas two possibilities to what might have happened. The rest of the Bible couldbe the same way. I do not know this; I have yet to read the book. It is clear asmud to me on how it happened, because it describes two stories and both are notnecessarily accurate. It is amazing to see how many people blindly believe inthis book without actually reading it. Not saying that reading the Bible is abad to do, but one would be advised to be knowledgeable and subjective in towhat they are faithful. I did not know that there were two creation stories, andafter reading it, I do not know what to believe. Religion

Mental Models free essay sample

Psychologist Kenneth Craig suggested that individuals build small complex models to anticipate events in reality. It is a representation of reality, intuitively perceived by an individual. AAA Transportations and its employees, Vernon and Bud, are having a conflict between each others individual mental models. Vernon, the driver supervisor, and Bud, a corporate worker, have been working for AAA Transportations for over 20 years. Vernon and Buds mental models are based on the long-term knowledge and understanding of the companies market as well as its organizational goals. A different approach is taken by the new owners, they believe that in order for the company to flourish it must become more efficient and also must expand its market. Their mental models are of more business achievement. They are not interested in the existing state of the business and they do not share the same mindset of its employees. Although both parties do not agree, the new owners understand that the support of the companies employees is essential to the business achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Models or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company must attempt to change the mindset of the two members of the company, Vernon and Bud. In order for AAA Transportations to achieve its new goals common mental models must be implemented to its employees for it to be successful. It is highly important for AAA Transportations to make every effort to gain the support of key employees of their organization to idealize the new goals. AAA Transportations does not wish to cause disturbance within the employees by terminating those who do not agree with its new business direction. Instead AAA Transportations goal is to adjust the mental models in which Vernon and Bud see the organization and its goals. Recognizing the limits of existing models, testing the models in the changing environment, overcoming challenges of the new model, and implementing the new model. These four steps are highly needed in order for Vernon and Bud to start thinking a different way within the company. First step, recognizing the limits of existing models. The new owners of AAA Transportations can show its employees the lack of growth for the company and its employees if it remains in the same business structure. By doing this Vernon and Bud will be able to see that the company would not have the possibility of achieving more with this they could see the possible loss of profit with the empty space in the trucks. Step two, testing the models in changing environment. The existing and new models must be tested to challenge the changing factors in the company. For example the rise of gas prices or the rise of produce prices. Vernon and Bud will be able to see that as the company faces these challenges the business must gain substantial profit in order to cover the costs. Step three, overcoming the challenges of the new model. Challenges within the new model must be overcome in order to gain support of key employees. Vernon and Bud must be able to see that the company must expand for greater achievement. For that same reason Vernon and Bud must be fully educated on the new model and the new goals for AAA Transportations. Clear communication within the company must be implemented so that employees are aware of the goals of the company. Another challenge the new owners face is that they must earn the trust of its employees. The new owners must be able to show that the better-being of the employees is also there goal. By this step, Vernon and Bud agree on the new business model. Because they are key employees, support from other employees will begin to become greater. AAA Transportations must implement the five forces that influence mental models. Education, training, rewards and incentives, influence of others, and personal experience. Education is highly important for the company to reach success. Miscommunication or misunderstanding can hold a huge burden to reach success. Without education or formal training employees will not have the essential tools to understand the new goals of AAA Transportations. Therefore employees may not form similar mental models of that of the new business direction. Rewards and incentives. If AAA Transportations goals are to gain greater profits for higher wages for its employees, the employees have an incentive and motivation to implement the new model into the the company. The influence of others and personal experience are not controlled by AAA Transportations. Vernon and Bud would now be the key players to influence other employees. Because of their long-time association with the company Vernon and Buds opinion of the new goals are essential to influence other employees in the company. Finally, AAA Transportations must live up to its word. As Employees begin to see the advantages of the new model, they begin to support the initiative. Thus employees lead to positive experiences of the new model.

Flannery O essays

Flannery O essays Flannery was born on March 25, 1925 daughter of Edward F. and Regina L. OConnor in Savannah Georgia. Her parents only child she grew up in their Catholic home in Savannah until she was twelve (Baumgaertner 5). At age twelve her family moved from Savannah to Milledgeville, the town where her mothers father had been mayor for a number of years. In Milledgeville she attended Peabody High School and after graduation enrolled in the Georgia State College for Women (Whitt 6). These schools were both only a few blocks from Flannerys childhood home in the antebellum Cline House (McKenzie 38). After graduating from Georgia State College for women in 1945 with an A.B., OConnor furthered her education by attending the University of Iowa. Her first short story The Geranium was published at age 21 while attending school in Iowa (Liukkonen). After receiving her Master of Fine Arts in Literature from the University of Iowa, OConnor moved her life to New York. While in New York, OConnor was able to publish her first Novel, Wise Blood. The first four chapters appeared in various magazines in 1948 and 1949. In 1952 the entire book was published. In 1978, long after OConnors death a screenplay was written from this work (Liukkonen). Wise Blood was not exactly the work some people were expecting to come from OConnor. A cousin of OConnor sent the book to local clergy members prior to reading it and once she read it she felt necessary to send apologies to the same people (Starr). Wise Blood dealt with a distraught soldier returning from the army and creating a Church without Christ (Liukkonen). It is very common for a story written by OConnor to have a plot centered on religion. As noted by Liukkonen, OConnors second novel, The Violent Bear it Away (1960), had a related subject matter. The reasons a writer chooses a particular style of...

Maintaining Professionalism in Schools Is Essential

Maintaining Professionalism in Schools Is Essential Professionalism is an underrated quality that every educator and school employee should possess. Administrators and teachers represent their school district and should do so at all times in a professional manner. This includes being mindfully aware that you are still a school employee even outside of school hours. Building and maintaining relationships are key components of professionalism. This includes relationships with your students, parents, other educators, administrators, and support personnel. Relationships often define success or failure for all educators. Failing to make deep, personal connections can create a disconnect which impacts effectiveness. For educators, professionalism includes personal appearance and dressing appropriately. It also includes how you talk and act both inside and outside of school.  In many communities, it includes what you do outside of school and whom you have relationships with. As a school employee, you must keep in mind that you represent your school district in everything that you do.   All school employees must always be aware that they are almost always being watched by students and other community members. When you are a role model and authority figure for children, how you carry yourself matters. Your actions can always be scrutinized.  The following policy is designed to establish and promote a professional atmosphere among the faculty and staff. Professionalism Policy All employees are expected to adhere to this policy and to at all times maintain professionalism such that an employee’s behavior and action(s) are not harmful to the district or workplace and such that an employee’s behavior and action(s) are not harmful to working relationships with teachers, staff members, supervisors, administrators, students, patrons, vendors, or others. Staff members who take a sincere professional interest in students are to be commended. The teacher and administrator who inspires, guides, and helps students can have a lasting influence on students throughout their lives. Students and staff members should interact with each other in a warm, open, and positive fashion. However, a certain distance must be maintained between students and staff in order to preserve the businesslike atmosphere necessary to achieve the educational mission of the school. The Board of Education considers it obvious and universally accepted that teachers and administrators are role models. The district has a duty to take steps to prevent activities which adversely intrude into the educational process and which could lead to undesirable consequences. In order to maintain and preserve the appropriate environment necessary to achieve the educational mission of the school, any unprofessional, unethical, or immoral behavior or action(s) harmful to the district or workplace, or any such behavior or action(s) harmful to working relationships with co-workers, supervisors, administrators, students, patrons, vendors or others may lead to disciplinary action under applicable disciplinary policies, up to, and including termination of employment.

Case Study on Land Law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On Land Law - Case Study Example It is stated, in this case, that the property is registered; therefore, the relevant legislation is the LRA, although the original concept of overriding interests was established in the Land Registration Act 1925. Under the 1925 Act, certain overriding interests would only continue until the point at which the land is registered. As Shambles has now been registered, the rules relating to third party interests contained in the LRA must be referred to. The first issue to be considered by Lance is that of Porter's ex- partner, Rina, who has been living in the property for a period of at least five years. On the assumption that Shambles became registered to Porter, after 1st October, 2003 and where the LRA is in force, then the rights attached to Rina will be in accordance with the LRA. The overriding interest of actual occupation existed under the 1925 Act in s70(1)(g). Whilst this old right still exists, it is now subject to the new law as contained in the LRA. Essentially, the overriding interest and the right of a third party in actual occupation will exist where there is actual occupation, at the relevant time, by the owner. This is important, in this case, due to the fact that there may be some debate as to whether or not Rina is, in fact, an actual owner, i.e. legally or beneficially entitled to the property. As Rina is an estranged partner of Porter, Rina may have a valid argument that she has an equitable entitlement to at least part of the property. Recent case law has suggested that, where both parties have contributed in some way to the property, even if it is registered in only one person's name, the court will determine the shares of the property to be held by each party, based on the course of dealings between them1. With this in mind, it would be necessary to consider the relationship between Rina and Porter and whether she could legitimately claim an equitable interest in the property (Abbey & Richards, 2007). On the assumption that Rina can show an equitable interest, she would potentially be able to rely on the actual occupation interest as stated in Schedule 3, Para 2 of the LRA. This right would exist, provided it was not an interest under the Settled Land Act 1925, it was not a deliberate failure to disclose the right and the occupation would have been obvious on a reasonably careful inspection of the land in question at the time of the disposition. Under the provisions in the LRA, there is no precise definition of actual occupation; however, case law previously heard under the 1925 Act is thought to be current and relevant under the LRA2. Under the LRA, Rina will only forfeit the overriding status of her interest, if she would have been reasonably expected to declare her right to Lance. As Lance undertook his own conveyancing, it is unlikely that sufficiently detailed questioning was undertaken in relation to any adults in actual occupation. Moreover, in the absence of such questioning, it is therefore highly likely that Rina will not have sacrificed her overriding status, based on failure to disclose reasonably. Furthermore, as Rina lived in the main property and has done so for 5 years, her presences and actual occupation would be reasonably noticeable to anyone who had made an inspection of the property. The facts suggest that Lance did not actually inspect the property, at all, due to his location in London and had he made a reasonable inspection, he would have been aware of Rina's occupation, prior to

Paz and American Way of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paz and American Way of Life - Essay Example They do not feel the need to reconnect to the creator of the universe as other cultures may and their lives are of solitude. Americans consider themselves creators in their own right, these is evidenced by the innumerable creations ranging from architectural and infrastructural structures to bold scientific inventions some like cloning which are in constantly in a collision path with many religious organisations. They use their works of creation as mirror, to see who they are and how far they have come. I am in agreement with Paz when he notes that the Americans have let their work take them over, they define themselves by superficial inorganic constructs such as technological advancements and money. Consequently they do not see themselves primarily as human being or citizens of a human universe but as workers, inventor’s businesspeople and other impersonal categorisations in pursuit for objectivity. The mechanical nature of their sense of identity makes them loose a part of their humanity when they fail to recognise themselves for who they really are because they are lost in their work. Americans h ave put so much effort; time and thought in their work and these are what they hold dear seeming to believe that they are sorely responsible for all that is in their world and it is their job to maintain it. They do not view life as having another aspect; the spiritual aspect, they do not have the craving to reconnect with their source (Stavans 35). The Americans are confident and self-assured, people according to Paz (21) they seem happy and well adapted to the world around them. However, the beauty of this is that it has not suppressed their willingness to criticize the wrong they see around them. Their freedom of speech and opinion is very outward and they do not shy from using it. While criticism may be seen as wrong, to the Americans it is a tool to better their world. It respects the systems that they have in place and does not touch the root of their being. They do not seek to change their structures socially or culturally but to improve or limit the way certain things are done within this structure. The Americans are inherently reformists and when they are unhappy with the existing systems; they go out of their way to ensure they change them in line with the social and constitutional doctrine that states every American has the right to pursue happiness. In addition, they generally feel that their and liberal way are the ways are acceptable; to them and they are not very far from perfection at least in their own eyes (Rosman 82). Paz has managed to vividly bring out the character of the American people not only as he sees them but as the rest of the world does too. Their confidence in unwavering and they take pride in their freedom of expression which allows them to disagrees with people’s ideas and statements while fiercely support their right to express them. Many people view realists as pessimists as Paz has noted, especially the Mexicans, but not the Americans,

Compare and Contrast how Aristophanes depicts Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast how Aristophanes depicts Essay Aristophanes and Euripides were poets in Athens during the Peloponnesian War. They had very different writing styles. Euripides was the older and he wrote Greek Tragedy and Comedy. He was one of the three important tragedy writers of the time, the others were Aeschylus an Scophocles. Euripides introduced new methods of handling the traditional myths, for example he used realism in his subject matter and was interested in the way women thought and how they acted. This is shown in his plays Hippolytus and The Trojan Women. Aristophanes wrote comedies in which inventive situations and colourful language were typical. His poems were mainly concerned with situation which was topical at that time. He satirized politicians and scholars and parodied his fellow poets. He used political and social fantasy a great deal as in the womens sex strike in Lysistrata. Aristophanes wrote two parodies which featured the tragic poet Euripides. These were The Poet and the Women and the Frogs. Euripides died before Aristophanes wrote the Frogs and so he was able to make the parody greater. Aristophenes wrote The Poet and the Women while Euripides was still alive and a respected and famous author. Aristophanes was unable to resist making fun of him in his play. He portrayed him as a man who was clumsy and in fear for his life, This day is to decide whether Euripides is to live or die. (Page 102). This was because Euripides was being threatened by the women of Athens who wanted to kill him because his plays showed the worst side of women, the women are meeting up at the Thesmorporia today and theyre going to condemn me to death for slandering them (Page 106). Euripides knew that the Thesmophoria, a religious festival for women, was going to happen soon and he wanted to send a spy to find out how the women were plotting his death. Euripides, with the help of his friend Agathon, therefore, persuaded his elderly relative Mnesilochus to dress up a woman, lend me a dress and a headband for my friend here? You cant pretend that you dont possess such things (Page 108), and attend the ceremony. Mnesilochus was discovered by the women who captured him and threatened to burn him as they believed him to be a spy for Euripides. Mnesilochis remembering one of Euripides plays sent a message A trick out of one of his own plays, The Palamedes. Chap wrote a message on an oarblade (Page 125). Euripides came to the rescue as a character out of that play showing courage he did not have, Thou lookst like Menelaos. (Page 133). In The Frogs, Euripides has been dead for some time and is portrayed as manipulative and greedy, besides, Euripides will be readier to sneak away with me, hes a much more slippery customer (Page 159). The storyline is about the God of Wine, Dionysus, who travels to the underworld to find a poet who will increase Athenian morale and lead them to victory in the Peloponnesian War. After first consulting the hero, Hercules, to find a way to Hades You could go via Rope and Gibbet: thats a very quick way, if you dont mind hanging around for a bit, to begin with (page 160), he sets off with his servant. He arrives in Hades only to find out that position of the best poet in Hades was in dispute, Oh, theres great goings on among the dead these days, great goings on. Civil war, you might call it (Page 185). Aeschylus the older Athenian poet, who wrote at least 50 years before Aristophanes, was being challenged by Euripides, Well then along comes Euripides and start showing off to all the fellers weve got down here cut-throats, highwaymen, murders, burglars, regular rough lot they are, (Page 185) Euripides had the support of the bandits, rogues and the worst men in general while Aeschylus had the sole support of Sophocles, hes sent a message: with this contest coming on, he says, hell stand by for third man if Aeschylus wins hell just go on as before, but if Euripides wins hell take him on himself.(Page 186). Sophocles was a friend of Aristophanes. Dionysus decided that even though Euripides had more support, it was Aeschylus chosen to restore Athens to its former glory, Well in my heart of hearts I have known all the time. No question about it, the man for me is (Page 210). Euripides in The Poet and The Woman is extremely comical especially when he is playing his own tragic heroes as they have heroic qualities which he lacks, other than loyalty which he shows when he tries to rescues Mnesilochus from his Scythian captor. However, Euripides in The Frogs is more sinister and has the ability to manipulate the bandits and rogues. He is therefore portrayed as a demagogue, who were people who played on peoples fears to increase their own political power. Aristophanes depicts Euripides in these ways because I believe that Euripides and Aristophanes were not friends but poetic rivals that respected each other even though they did not agree with each others type of poetry. A version of Ancient Greek professional courtesy. I also feel that the political and social situation at the time that Aristophanes was writing influenced the way in which he portrayed him. Euripides in The Poet and The Woman is a reflection of his Euripidess personality in real-life but has been distorted to make the make the play comical. His clumsiness and cowardliness have been exaggerated for this end. Euripides shows how cowardly he is because he sends Mnesilochus to the Thesmophoria and not himself. His clumsiness is shown through his use of the Deux Ex Machina which he uses to create the parody of Perseus but he cant control it, He must be coming to save me: he wouldnt have flown by just to pass the time of day. (Page 136), and he flies back and forth. However, Euripides does show loyalty to his friends by attempting to rescue Mnesilochus.

The Metamorphosis of the Schemer Stereotype Essay -- Media Stereotypes

The Metamorphosis of the Schemer Stereotype In looking at movies and television, one can definitely argue that the viewer is subjected to a variety of human characters and personality types – some are older, some are younger; some are outspoken, some are timid; some are brash, some are patient – the range of characters and identities is endless. Unfortunately, this may lead to rash generalizations about gender, and in many instances, it often leads to something far more impetuous and dissuading: the stereotype. While one could attempt to discover and chart all the stereotypes that exist in mass media, it is actually more useful to focus in on a specific area, along with a certain stereotype. One area of the mass media that definitely requires some critical analysis is the entertainment industry, particularly television and cinema. It is very apparent that these two mediums are embedded with gender stereotypes, because one merely has to switch on a television or pop in a movie, and he or she is exposed to at least one, if not several gender stereotypes. Nevertheless, it would be rather overindulgent and careless to simply make such overbearing comments about television and the film industry. Thus, by breaking down this concept of gender stereotypes further, one can come to the understanding that one specific stereotype that does exist throughout different television programs and films is that of the schemer. Residing across a wide array of pop culture outlets, the schemer ha s grown to become an important figurehead in the propagation and inspiration of gender stereotypes. Drawing examples primarily from the 1980s-1990s, one can certainly see that there is a common thread that flows through sev... ...inServlet/showid-457/Saved_by_the_Bell/> (April 1, 2004). Degrassi Online: The Unofficial Degrassi Website. 2004. (Apr 3, 2004). The Simpsons Archive. 12 March. 2004. (1 Apr. 2004). TheSimpsons.com (2 Apr. 2004). Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. The Simpsons: The Complete Third Season. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 2003. DVD. Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 2002. DVD. Hughes, John. Ferris Bueller’s Day Off. 1986. Paramount Pictures DVD, 2003. Internet Movie Database. (2 Apr. 2004). Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment, Inc. Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, 2003. DVD.

“Comparative Study of Different Financial Instrument in Indian Market” Use by Retail Investor

â€Å"Comparative study of different financial instrument in Indian market† Submitted to: Prof. Jitendra Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By: Radhika Khant Date of Submission: May 18, 2012 Xcellon Institute- School of Business Project report on â€Å"HR Policy in HDFC Bank† Submitted to: Prof. Jitendra Sharma Prof. Daisy Kurien Submitted By: Radhika Khant A report submitted In a partial fulfillment for the award Of the Post Graduate Programme in General Business Management (2011’13) Ahmedabad 17 April 2012 Table of Content Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1.Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 2. 1 Financial Industry: History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 2. 2 Financial Industry in India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 2. 3 Financial Services in India: Brief Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 2. 4 Financial Services in India: Recent Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 2. 5 Financial Services: Government Initiatives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 2. 6 Financial Services: Demand and Supply†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 2. 7 List of top finance companies in India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 2. 8 Road Ahead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 2. Types of Instruments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 3. Debt instruments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 3. 10 Debenture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 3. 11 Bonds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 3. 12 Mutual fund†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 3. 13 Equity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 3. 14 Insurance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 3. 15 Gold†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 3. 16 Real estate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 3. 17 Forex†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 30 3. 18 Fixed Deposit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 31 3. Research Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 3. 1Scpoe of Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 33 3. 2Management Question†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 3. 3Objectives of study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦34 3. 4Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 35 3. 5Sources of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 35 3. 6Sampling Design Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 36 3. 7Data Analysis Technique†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 36 3. 8Limitation of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 36 4. Analysis of data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 37 5. Finding/ Interpretation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 63 6. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦69 7. Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 70 8. Annexure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 73 Acknowledgement Being fortune enough to be a part of Xcellon Institute-School of Business, Ahmedabad.First of all I would like to thank to Professor Jitendra Sharma for helping me to give relevant information for preparing my project. At last, my grateful thanks is also extended to Ms. Daisy Kurien (professor of Xcellon Institute-school of business) to give her guidance and for all supports throughout the project. Radhika Khant Executive Summary The whole topic covers the perception regarding investor while investing in any financial instrument. What are the factors investor consider while investing. What are the criteria are very important for the investor.The whole study tells about the different financial instrument and the preference of people towards those instruments. Chapter 1 gives the idea regarding the financial industry of India. It also throws the light about the current trends of financial industry and who are the major player in the financial service providers. It gives the idea regarding the recent change occurred in this sector. At last, it shows the future of that sector. Chapter 2 includes the comparative study of different financial instruments like equity, debenture, fixed deposit, bonds, forex, real estate, insurance, gold, mutual fund.It covers the advantages and disadvantages of each instrument. Chapter 3 basically deals with the res earch methodology used for preparing the report. It includes the sampling technique procedure, sample size, management question, research objective, data analysis technique and limitation of the study. Chapter 4 includes the analysis of all the primary research. With the help of different statistical techniques like multiple correlation, Anova, Chi-square. Chapter 5 includes the finding or interpretation of the analysis. 1. Introduction Finance industry in the world as consider to be the most important.Financial services are the economic services provided by financial industry, which encompasses a board range of organizations that manage money, including credit unions, banks, credit card companies, insurance companies, consumer finance companies, stock brokerages, investment fund and some government sponsored enterprise. The term ‘financial services’ became more relevant in the US partly as a result of the Gramm-Leach-Billey Act of the late 1990s, which enabled differen t types of companies operating in the US financial services industry at that time of merge. 1. 1 Financial Industry: HistoryThe major events that have shaped the modern finance industry are: * The Great Depression (1929): The Great Depression originated in the US with the Wall Street crash in October 1929. The effects of the depression spread across the world, especially in the heavy industries. Capital requirements regulation, financial industry oversights and the insurance of deposit accounts sprang out of this tumultuous period. * Black Monday (1987): On October 19, the stock markets across the world witnessed a huge crash. This was the largest one day decline in the stock market history. The crash started in Hong Kong, spreading to Europe and the US.Analysts blamed computer trading systems for magnifying the losses. * Asian Financial Crisis (1990s): The Asian Financial Crisis was triggered by the collapse of Thai baht as the government of Thailand decided to float the national c urrency. The nation had a huge foreign debt at that point, driving it to the verge of bankruptcy. The crisis rippled across the whole of Southeast Asia and has led to many emerging market countries to reduce debts and build up foreign currency reserves. * Stock Market Downturn (2002): Stock exchanges around the world witnessed a significant decline in March 2002.It was attributed to the bursting of the ‘Dot-com Bubble’, which saw major Internet companies going bankrupt. * Sub-prime Crisis (2007): Credit markets faced major crunch due to large scale default on loans. It led to the Financial Crisis of 2008 – 2009 and resulted in the bankruptcy, fire-sale acquisition and government bailouts of finance industry giants such as Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, AIG, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch, Wachovia, Northern Rock, Lloyds TSB, HBOS, RBS and the entire banking system of Iceland. The world economy can expect reduced growth rates and tighter regulations as a r esult of this crisis. . 2 Introduction of financial industry in India The financial industry, or financial services industry, includes a wide range of companies and institutions involved with money, including businesses providing money management, lending, investing and insuring and securities issuance and trading services. The following institutions are a part of financial industry. * Banks * Credit card issuers * Insurance company * Investment banker * Securities traders * Financial planner * Security exchange 1. 3 Financial Services in India- Brief OverviewFinancial services industry is the mainstay of any economy as it mirrors the financial health of the country. Indian financial markets are highly regulated with different authorities keeping an eye on every avenue of financial sub-segments viz. Stock markets, mutual funds, insurance and banking. Stock markets are regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) while Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRD A) keep an eye on the insurance industry. Similarly, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) keeps a check on the Indian banking sector and Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI) takes care of the mutual fund segment.India boasts of a Rs 23, 000 crore (US$ 4. 44 billion) – financial services distribution and advice market. Recent developments, Government measures, key facts and figures pertaining to the same are discussed hereafter. Insurance Sector Even when the turbulent times are prevalent in the global financial markets, Indian consumers have not lost faith in their financial systems. This fact is majorly driving Indian insurance market. According to the data released by Life Insurance Council, total premium collected (including both new and renewal premiums) during April-September 2011 stood at Rs 1,22,661 crore (US$ 23. 9 billion). In the same period, the renewal premium collection increased by 17 per cent to Rs 73,575 crore (US$ 14. 21 billion), as against Rs 62,818 crore (US $ 12. 13 billion) in the corresponding period in 2010. Till September 30, 2011, promoters of life insurance companies had injected over Rs 32,720 crore (US$ 6. 32 billion) as capital. Also, there was an investment of more than Rs 200,000 crore (US$ 38. 62 billion) in infrastructure development in the sector. The council further predicts an upsurge in new premium collections during October 2011-March 2012.Ratings agency Moody's believe that strong deposit base of Indian lenders and Government's persistent support to public sector and private banks would act as positive factors for the 64 trillion (US$ 1. 23 trillion) Indian banking industry amidst the negative global scenario. * According to the RBI's ‘Quarterly Statistics on Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks', March 2011, Nationalized Banks, as a group, accounted for 53. 0 per cent of the aggregate deposits, while State Bank of India (SBI) and its associates accounted for 21. 6 per cent.The share of new private sector banks, Old private sector banks, foreign banks and Regional Rural banks in aggregate deposits was 13. 4 per cent, 4. 6 per cent, 4. 4 per cent and 3 per cent respectively. With respect to gross bank credit also, nationalized banks hold the highest share of 52. 8 per cent in the total bank credit, with SBI and its associates at 22. 1 per cent and New Private sector banks at 13. 2 per cent. Foreign banks, Old private sector banks and Regional Rural banks held relatively lower shares in the total bank credit with 4. 9 per cent, 4. per cent and 2. 4 per cent respectively. * Another statement from RBI has revealed that bank advances grew 17. 08 per cent annually as on December 16, 2011 while bank deposits rose 18. 03 per cent. Mutual Funds Industry in India Recent data released by AMFI stated that the cumulative average Asset Under Management (AUM) of all fund houses aggregated to about Rs 6,87,640 crore (US$ 132. 77 billion) in the last quarter of 2011. Data compiled at the end of 2011 indicated that HDFC Mutual Fund maintained its top position with an average AUM of Rs 88,737. 07 crore (US$ 17. 3 billion) while fund houses namely Reliance, ICICI Pru, Birla Sun life and UTI followed. By the end of 2011, there were a total of 44 fund houses in the country as against 42 in the first quarter of the year. Private Equity (PE), Mergers ; Acquisitions (M;A) in India Global consultancy firm Ernst ; Young (E;Y) has stated that the value of M;A deals involving Indian companies aggregated to US$ 34. 4 billion in 2011 involving 806 transactions. There were 177 outbound deals with an aggregate disclosed value of US$ 8. 8 billion in 2011; forming 25. per cent of the total M;A pie. Adani Enterprises' acquisition of Abbot Point Coal Terminal in Australia (US$ 2 billion) and the GVK Group's purchase of Australia-based Hancock Coal's Queensland coal assets (US$ 1. 3 billion) were among the biggest outbound deals recorded in 2011. According to data released by auditing and c onsultancy firm KPMG, India Inc witnessed a 31 per cent increment in PE investment to US$ 7. 89 billion during the first three quarters of 2011. PE firms like Blackstone India and Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co (KKR & Co) are betting high on Indian markets.The Blackstone India chief was reported to have said that he intends to close 5-6 deals a year in India whose financial valuations would revolve around roughly US$ 100 million to US$ 120 million each. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in India Overseas entities are among the important drivers for Indian stock markets. FII flows account for about 45 per cent of the market free-float, according to Jyotivardhan Jaipuria, Managing Director and Head of Research, DSP Merrill Lynch (India). According to the data released by SEBI, FIIs purchased stocks worth Rs 600,000 crore (US$ 116 billion) during 2011.FIIs were also seen attracted to the debt market in 2011 wherein they infused Rs 42, 067 crore (US$ 8. 12 billion). This intense inte rest in debt markets helped India get a net FII inflow of Rs 39, 353 crore (US$ 7. 6 billion) (taking both- debt and stocks- into account) for the year. The number of FIIs registered with SEBI stood at 1, 749 as of October 2011, while the number of FII sub-accounts was 6, 058 during the month. Furthermore, FIIs injected Rs 41,253 crore (US$ 8 billion) in Government securities (G-secs) and Rs 68,289 crore (US$ 13. 18 billion) in corporate bonds, as on October 31, 2011. 1. Financial Services in India: Recent Developments * India Infrastructure Finance Company Ltd (IIFCL) and IDBI Bank have inked a five-year memorandum of understanding (MoU) to launch infrastructure debt fund (IDF) schemes. The IDF, for which IDBI Bank and IIFCL would play strategic investors, is expected to get launched by the end of February 2012. * With an intension to strengthen its hold in southern India, the Uco Bank is planning to add 11 more branches in Andhra Pradesh to its 66-branch-strong network in the stat e. The bank has made exemplary progress in recent past with 2,004 branches in the country and four abroad. IRDA has recently launched a mobile application that enables comparison between various insurance products and premium rates. The application, compatible with Android, iPhone, Nokia and Blackberry platforms, has been developed to empower consumers/prospects to make informed decisions by comparing features of insurance products through mobiles. * US-based financial services company Ameriprise Financial Inc has commenced its operations in India. It is the only international firm in India that would provide pure financial planning and wealth management services to the Indian consumers. 1. 5 Financial Services: Government InitiativesThe Government's top priority seems to be the enhancement of investor base for the Indian markets. That is why the Ministry of Finance started 2012 with a happy announcement by allowing foreign nationals, trusts and pension funds to invest directly in t he country's listed companies from mid-January 2012. The Government of India has also decided to infuse Rs 6,000 crore (US$ 1. 16 billion) in public sector banks during the remaining 2011-12 to ensure that the entities meet regulatory requirements. In 2010-11, the Government had provided Rs 20,157 crore (US$ 4 billion) as its capital support to public sector banks.In order to prepare public sector banks for neck-to-neck competition ahead and improve their performance in future, the finance ministry has set new benchmarks for them to achieve. The new benchmarks, that would calculate their functional and financial capability to qualify for capital infusion, entail three performance indicators – savings and current deposit ratio, employee-branch ratio and profit per employee. 1. 6 Financial Industry: Demand and Supply Drivers Demand for financial products is driven by risk-reward assessments, which consider: * Potential Yield * Risk rating * Liquidity Availability of information * Access to alternatives The major supply drivers are: * Money supply * Interest rates * Inflation * Economic conditions Government regulations 1. 7 List of Top Finance Companies of India SBI Capital Markets Limited: It is one among the oldest organizations in the capital markets sector of India. It was established in the year 1986 as an ancillary of SBI. It ranks second in Asia's Project Advisory services. The company is a trailblazer in privatization and securitization. The company’s subsidiaries are SBICAPs Ventures Ltd. , SBICAP Trustee Co. Ltd. Bajaj Capital Limited:The company offers best investment advisory and financial planning. It provides institutional investors, NRIs, corporate houses, individual investors, and high network clients with investment advisory and financial planning services. It is also the largest provider of finance products offered by public and private organizations, several government bodies, investment products like bonds, mutual funds, general insurance etc. IDBI Bank: The Managing Director and Chairman of the bank is Shri R. M. Malla. It offers the services like personal banking, corporate banking, MSME finance, NRI services and much more.Browse the site to know more. UTI Mutual Fund: The company offers best investment advisory and financial planning. It is recognised as India's most trusted financial advisor. DSP Meriyll Lynch Limited: It is the key player of equity and debt securities in India. It renders financial advises to many corporations and institutions. It also offers a wide array of wealth management and investor services along with customized advices related to financial matters. This company is the pioneer to form research facility to research in financial products and services, improvements and innovations. The company also has its hand in theGovernment securities and holds an eminent position in the market of equity and debt in India. | | Birla Global Finance Limited: It is a subsidiary of Aditya Birla Nu vo Ltd. Their motto is to be the first choice of the customers as a major provider of financial services through technology and value creation. The primary activities of the company are Corporate Finance and Capital Market. Aditya Birla Nuvo has also formed alliance with Sun Life Financial of Canada which has given rise to the following financial services companies like Birla Sun Life Insurance Co Ltd. , Birla Sun Life Distribution Co. and many others.Housing Development Finance Corporation: This company offers the best financial solutions and guidance for home loans, property related services, loans for NRIs etc. in India. The one stop destination for comprehensive information on personal finance is HDFC. The company has a wide network in India and abroad. HDFC overseas offices are in Singapore, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and many others. PNB Housing Finance Limited: This is completely owned by PNB and offers premium solutions to relieve the borrowers. This subsidiary of the PNB h as recorded a growth a 73% and is a leading finance company of India.The Home Loan Life Insurance Plan of this company in association with TATA AIG offers the lowest premium in compare to others. The chart for loans of 5 lacs and tenure of 15 years is just premium. It renders other services like Deposit schemes, Loan schemes and many others. ICICI Group: ICICI offers a wide spectrum of financial products and services in India. The company provides solutions for all needs like Instant Banking, Online Trading,Insta Insure,ICICI Bank imobile etc. The company keeps up the financial profile healthy and diversifies earnings across geographies and businesses.The company's philosophy is to deliver high class financial services for all the cross sections of the society. Their products are Mutual Fund, Private Equity Practice, Securities, and Life Insurance etc. LIC Finance Limited: It is the leading player in the finance sector of India being the biggest Housing Finance Company of India. The function of the company is to provide finance to individuals for repair or construction or renovation of the old or new apartment or house. It also offers finance on the existing property for personal or business matters. The company has 14 back offices,6 regional offices and 126 units of marketing in India.L ; T Finance Limited: This company was established in the year 1994 by the Larsen and Turbo group and now it is a significant name in the financial sector. The company offers schemes like funds for automobiles, funds for Agricultural Instruments, secured loans, funds for automobiles and many others. It offers loans for a long tenure and the loans are given in exchange of valuable items. India Infoline Limited: The IIFL (India Infoline) group, consisting the holding company, India Infoline Ltd (NSE: INDIAINFO, BSE: 532636) and its subsidiaries, is one of the leading players in the Indian financial services space.It has a lot of information related to financial world. Check out t he site for more information. 1. 8 Road Ahead A report by The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) India, in association with an industrial body and Indian Banks Associations (IBA) predicts that Indian banking sector would become the world's third largest in asset size by 2025. The report also analyses that mobile banking would become the second largest channel of banking after ATMs. Given the positive eco-system of the industry, regulatory and Government initiatives, mobile banking is anticipated to enhance from 0. per cent of transactions in a 45 per cent financial inclusion base in 2010 to 34 per cent of the transactions with 80 per cent rural inclusion base by 2020, as per the report. An industrial body predicts that the non-life insurance sector is poised to become a Rs 90,000 crore (US$ 17. 37 billion) industry (from the current level of Rs 47,000 crore (US$ 9. 07 billion) by 2015; growing by over 18 per cent. Demand-driven economy, increasing consumer base in motoring and healthcare , growth of services and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are certain factors that are attributed behind the strong forecast 2. Types of InstrumentsOverview There are many ways to invest your money. Of course, to decide which investment vehicles are suitable for you, you need to know their characteristics and why they may be suitable for a particular investing objective. †¢Ã‚  Debt  Market †¢ Public Provident Fund †¢Ã‚  Fixed  Deposits †¢ Bonds †¢Ã‚  Mutual  Funds †¢Ã‚  Banks  Deposits †¢Ã‚  Equity  Market †¢Ã‚  Initial  Public Offer (IPO) †¢ Insurance †¢ Forex †¢ Cash †¢ Gold †¢Ã‚  Real  Estate 2. 1 DEBT INSTRUMENTS Debt instruments protect your capital, therefore the importance of a solid debt portfolio. This not only gives stability, but also offers  you optimal returns, liquidity and tax benefits.Debt  products, besides safeguarding your capital, can be used to meet short, medium and long-term financial needs. * SHORT TERM INVESTMENT They are good for short term goals, you can look at liquid funds, floating rate funds and short-term bank deposits as options for this category of investments. Liquid funds have retuned around 5% post-tax returns as compared to 5. 6% post-tax that your one-year 8% bank fixed deposit gives you. So, if you have funds for investment for over a period of one year, it is better to go in for bank deposits. However, liquid funds are better, if your time horizon is less than one-year, say around six months.This is because the bank deposit rates decrease proportionately with lower periods, while liquid funds will yield the same annualized returns for any period of time. Short-term floating rate funds can be considered at par to liquid funds for short term investments. * Fixed Maturity Plan (FMP): If you know exactly for how much time you need to invest your surplus, a smarter option is to invest in FMPs. They are shorter-tenured debt schemes that buy and hold securities till maturity, thereby eliminating the interest rate risk. Try and opt for FMPs that offer a double indexation benefit.Fund houses usually launch double-indexation FMP’s during the end of the financial year so that they cover two financial year closings. * Medium & Long-Term Options: These options typically offer low or virtually no liquidity. They are, however, largely useful as income accumulation tools because of the assured interest rates they offer. These instruments(small savings schemes) should find place in your long-term debt portfolio. Table 1 Schemes| Type| Interest rate| Term| Min max investment| Premature withdrawal| Tax benefit| Public provident fund| Recurring | 8%pa| 15 years| Min.Rs 500 Max. Rs 70000| yes| U/S 80c| National saving certificate| Growth| 8% compounded half yearly| 6 years| Min. Rs. 100Max. No upper limit | No | U/S 80c| Kisan vikas patra| Growth| Amount doubles in 8years & 7months| 8 years & 7 months| Min. Rs. 100Max. No uppe r limit| Yes | Nil | Post Office Time &Recurring Deposit| Fixed deposit| 6. 25-7. 50%| 1-5 years| Min. Rs. 200Max. No upper limit| Yes | Nil| Post Office Monthly Income Scheme| Regular income| 8% payable monthly| 6 years| Min:  Rs. 1,  000Max: Rs. 3Lac(Single)Rs. Lac(Jointly)| Yes| Nil| Senior Citizens Savings Scheme| Regular income| 9% payable quarterly| 5 years| Min. Rs 1000 Max. Rs 15 lack| Yes| Nil | 2. 3 BONDS Overview Bonds refer to debt instruments bearing interest on maturity. In simple terms, organizations may borrow funds by issuing debt securities named bonds, having a fixed maturity period (more than one year) and pay a specified rate of interest (coupon rate) on the principal amount to the holders. Bonds have a maturity period of more than one year which differentiates it from other debt securities like commercial papers, treasury bills and other money market instruments.It is a fixed income instrument issued for a period of more than one year with the purpose of  raising capital. The central or state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds . A bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fixed rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date. The main attraction of bonds is their relative safety. If  you are buying bonds from a stable government, your investment is virtually guaranteed, or risk-free. The safety and stability, however, come at a cost.Because there is little risk, there is little potential return. As a result, the rate of return on bonds is generally lower than other securities. Terminology Used in Bond Market| Meaning in General Terms| Bonds| Loans (in the form of a security)| Issuer of Bonds| Borrower| Bond Holder| Lender| Principal Amount| Amount at which issuer pays interest and which is repaid on the maturity date| Issue Price| Price at which bonds are offered to investors| Maturity Date| Length of time (More than one year)|Coupon| Rate of interest paid by the issue r on the par/face value of the bond| Coupon Date| The date on which interest is paid to investors td-txt| * Tax Saving Bonds These are those bonds that have a special provision that allows the investor to save on tax. Examples of such bonds are: a) Infrastructure Bonds b) Capital Gains Bonds I. Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) Bonds. II. National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)c III. National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development c) RBI Tax Relief Bonds Table 2 Scheme| Who can invest? Investment| Interest| Maturity| Premature withdrawal| Tax benefit| | | Min| Max| | | | | Infrastructural bonds| Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts| 5000| No limit| 8% compounded semi annually| 6 years| After 4 years | Yes| Capital gain bonds| Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts| | | | | | | REC| All | 1 lack| No limit| 5. 15% pa| 5 years| After 3 years| Yes| NHAI| All| 10000| No limit| 6. 5% pa| 7 years| After 3 years| Yes| NABARD| All| 1 lack| No limit| 5% pa| 5 years| After 3 years| Yes| RBI tax relief bonds| Individuals or on behalf of minors, trusts| 1000| No limit| 6. %(tax free)| 5 years| After 3 years| Interest exempt from IT| | | 1000| No limit| 8% (taxable)| 6 years| No| Interest is not exempt from IT| 2. 4 MUTUAL FUNDS Overview A mutual fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI that pools money from the Individuals/corporate investors and invests the same in a variety of different financial Instruments or securities such as Equity Shares, Government Securities, Bonds, Debentures, etc. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them.Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively low cost. Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by the Asset Management Company (AMC) based on the fund†™s net asset value (NAV), which is determined at the end of each trading session. Mutual funds are considered to be the best investments as on one hand it provides good Returns and on the other hand it gives us safety in comparison to other investments avenues.The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: * Diversification: The best mutual funds design their portfolios so individual investments will react differently to the same economic conditions. For example, economic conditions like a rise in interest rates may cause certain securities in a diversified portfolio to decrease in value. Other securities in the portfolio will respond to the same economic conditions by increasing in value. When a portfolio is balanced in this way, the value of the overall portfolio should gradually increase over time, even if some securities lose value. Professional Management: Most mutual funds pay topflight professionals to manage their investments. These managers decide what securities the f und will buy and sell. * Regulatory oversight: Mutual funds are subject to many government regulations that protect investors from fraud. * Liquidity: It's easy to get your money out of a mutual fund. Write a check, make a call, and you've got the cash. * Convenience: You can usually buy mutual fund shares by mail, phone, or over the Internet. * Low cost: Mutual fund expenses are often no more than 1. 5 percent of your investment.Expenses for Index Funds are less than that, because index funds are not actively managed. Instead, they automatically buy stock in companies that are listed on a specific index * Transparency * Flexibility * Choice of schemes * Tax benefits * Well regulated The disadvantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: * No Guarantees: No investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors encounter fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds tha n when they buy and sell stocks on their own.However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money. * Fees and commissions: All funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or â€Å"loads† to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. Even if you don't use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund. * Taxes: During a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios.If your fund makes a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made. * Management risk: When you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the fund's manager to make the right decisions regarding the fund's portfolio. If the manager does not perform as well as you had hoped, you might not make as much money on your i nvestment as you expected. Of course, if you invest in Index Funds, you forego management risk, because these funds do not employ managers. 2. 5 EQUITY Overview Equities are often regarded as the best performing asset class vis-a-vis its peers over longer timeframes.However equity-oriented investments are also capable of exposing investors to the highest degree of volatility and risk. There are a number of factors, which affect the performance of equities ad studying and understanding all of them on an ongoing basis, can be challenging for most. The rate of dividend on equity shares is not fixed and depends upon the profits available and the intention of the board. In case of winding up of the company, equity capital can be paid back only after every other claim including the claim of preference shareholders has been settled.The most outstanding feature of equity capital is that its holders control the affairs of the company and have an unlimited interest in the company's profits an d assets. They enjoy voting right on all matters relating to the business of the company. They may earn dividend at a higher rate. Stock markets have always been a draw for investors for their ability to generate wealth over the long-term. Fear, greed and a short-term investment approach act as hurdles that frustrate the investor from achieving his/her investment goals. You need to keep in mind the risk associated with the stocks.You also need to diversify your equity portfolio i. e. , include more stocks and sectors. This helps you diversify your investment risk, so even if something were to go wrong with a stock/industry in your portfolio, other stocks/industries should help you shore up your portfolio. Two important resources that are critical to investing directly in stock markets are quality stock research and a reliable and inexpensive stock broker. The first one – research on stocks is the most critical input that investors need to identify before they begin investing in tock  markets. This is because even while you may have the risk appetite for equities, you still need credible, stock market related research that can help you make the right investment decision. The good thing about the Indian market, riding on the back of an economy that has grown by over 7% in the last two years, is that you can’t miss being part of growth if you invest in the stock markets carefully. The bad part is the CHOICE! Of the listed 4,758 stocks on BSE and the NSE, how do you even get close to taking a call?Here comes the need of a financial advisor who can make your investment decisions and monitors your funds. Clearly, as Indians earn more, save more and accumulate more, financial advisors will play a crucial role in helping individuals create, protect and manage wealth. Advantages to Investors: I. More Income: Equity shareholders are the residual claimant of the profits after meeting all the fixed commitments. The company may add to the profits by trading on equity. Thus equity capital may get dividend at high in boom period. II. Right to Participate in the Control and Management:Equity shareholders have voting rights and elect competent persons as directors to control and manage the affairs of the company. III. Capital profits: The market value of equity shares fluctuates directly with the profits of the company and their real value based on the net worth of the assets of the company. an appreciation in the net worth of the company's assets will increase the market value of equity shares. It brings capital appreciation in their investments. IV. An Attraction of Persons having Limited Income: Equity shares are mostly of lower denomination and persons of limited recourses can purchase these shares.V. Other Advantages: It appeals most to the speculators. Their prices in security market are more fluctuating. Disadvantages to investors: I. Uncertain and Irregular Income: The dividend on equity shares is subject to availability of profit s and intention of the Board of Directors and hence the income is quite irregular and uncertain. They may get no dividend even three are sufficient profits. II. Capital loss During Depression Period: During recession or depression periods, the profits of the company come down and consequently the rate of dividend also comes down.Due to low rate of dividend and certain other factors the market value of equity shares goes down resulting in a capital loss to the investors. III. Loss on Liquidation: In case, the company goes into liquidation, equity shareholders are the worst suffers. They are paid in the last only if any surplus is available after every other claim including the claim of preference shareholders is settled. It is evident from the advantages and disadvantages of equity share capital discussed above that the issue of equity share capital is a must for a company, yet it should not solely depend on it.In order to make its capital structure flexible, it should raise funds fr om other sources also. 2. 6 INSURANCE Overview Life insurance has traditionally been looked upon pre-dominantly as an avenue that offers tax benefits while also doubling up as a saving instrument. The purpose of life insurance is to indemnify the nominees in case of an eventuality to the insured. In other words, life insurance is intended to secure the financial future of the nominees in the absence of the person insured. The purpose of buying a life insurance is to protect your dependants from any financial difficulties in your absence.It helps individuals in providing them with the twin benefits of  insuring themselves while at the same time acting as a compulsory savings instrument to take care of their future needs. Life insurance can aid your family on a rainy day, at a time when help from every quarter is welcome and of course, since some plans also double up as a savings instrument, they assist you in planning for such future needs like children’s marriage, purchase of various household items, gold purchases or as seed capital for starting a business.Traditionally, buying life insurance has always formed an integral part of an individual’s annual tax planning exercise. While it is important for individuals to have life cover, it is equally important that they buy insurance keeping both their long-term financial goals and their tax planning in mind. This note explains the role of life insurance in an individual’s tax planning exercise while also evaluating the various options available at one’s disposal. Life is full of dangers, but with insurance, you can at least ensure that you and your dependents don’t suffer.It’s easier to walk the tightrope if you know there is a safety net. You should try and take cover for all insurable risks. If you are aware of the major risks and buy the right products, you can cover quite a few bases. The major insurable risks are as follows: †¢Life †¢Health †¢Income †¢Professional Hazards †¢Assets †¢Outliving Wealth †¢Debt Repayment Advantages of Life Insurance Risk Cover Life today is full of uncertainties; in this scenario Life Insurance ensures that your loved ones continue to enjoy a good quality of life against any unforeseen event. Planning for life stage needsLife Insurance not only provides for financial support in the event of untimely death but also acts as a long term investment. You can meet your goals, be it your children's education, their marriage, building your dream home or planning a relaxed retired life, according to your life stage and risk appetite. Traditional life insurance policies i. e. traditional endowment plans, offer in-built guarantees and defined maturity benefits through variety of product options such as Money Back, Guaranteed Cash Values, Guaranteed Maturity Values. Protection against rising health expensesLife Insurers through riders or stand alone health insurance plans offer the benefits of protection against critical diseases and hospitalization expenses. This benefit has assumed critical importance given the increasing incidence of lifestyle diseases and escalating medical costs. Builds the habit of thrift Life Insurance is a long-term contract where as policyholder, you have to pay a fixed amount at a defined periodicity. This builds the habit of long-term savings. Regular savings over a long period ensures that a decent corpus is built to meet financial needs at various life stages.Safe and profitable long-term investment Life Insurance is a highly regulated sector. IRDA, the regulatory body, through various rules and regulations ensures that the safety of the policyholder's money is the primary responsibility of all stakeholders. Life Insurance being a long-term savings instrument, also ensures that the life insurers focus on returns over a long-term and do not take risky investment decisions for short term gains. Assured income through annuities Life Insurance is one of the best instruments for retirement planning.The money saved during the earning life span is utilized to provide a steady source of income during the retired phase of life. Protection plus savings over a long term Since traditional policies are viewed both by the distributors as well as the customers as a long term commitment; these policies help the policyholders meet the dual need of protection and long term wealth creation efficiently. Growth through dividends Traditional policies offer an opportunity to participate in the economic growth without taking the investment risk. The investment income is distributed among the policyholders through annual announcement of dividends/bonus.Facility of loans without affecting the policy benefits Policyholders have the option of taking loan against the policy. This helps you meet your unplanned life stage needs without adversely affecting the benefits of the policy they have bought. Tax Benefits Insurance plans provide attractive tax-benefits for both at the time of entry and exit under most of the plans. Mortgage Redemption Insurance acts as an effective tool to cover mortgages and loans taken by the policyholders so that, in case of any unforeseen event, the burden of repayment does not fall on the bereaved family.Disadvantages of Insurance as an Investment Option Inconsistent premiums: Most policies contain mandatory premiums that increase in due course. For an insured on a budget, who desires to buy coverage adequate to profit his relations upon his decease, this policy can be quite costly. The unstable inflation guarantees a steep climb. Deduction of funds: While policies include conditions in which shares from cash accounts can be used to disburse premiums, such a request practically always results in deducting funds from the cash value / investment account. Insufficient funds:There is a lack of assurance that ample finance will be accessible to cover unpaid premiums when the policyholder holds inadequ ate funds. Expiration of term insurance: This kind of insurance in not permanent; it is either for a fixed number of years or until a certain age. On completion of the term or when the insured reaches a certain age the policy expires compelling them to qualify for another insurance program, which may require higher premium depending on the age and other factors. Language of premium: It is usually difficult to resolve precisely how costly commissions truly are.The cost is commonly concealed within the fine print of the terms and conditions, and it is normally explained in language that is complex for someone who is unfamiliar to insurance policies. 2. 7 GOLD Overview In India, gold has traditionally played a multi-faceted role. Apart from being used for a dornment purpose, it has also served as an asset of the last resort and a hedge against inflation and currency depreciation. India has more than 13,000 tones of hoarded gold, which translates to around Rs. 6, 50,000 cores. Gold is a n asset class that’s associated with safety.However, the ups and down that the yellow metal has seen over the last few months, has made it look similar to other market investment assets. This is due to an unprecedented demand for gold as an investment avenue since the last couple of years. Gold has attracted a high level of attention in last couple of years, with an image shift from anon-volatile asset to a hot investment avenue. The future outlook for the metal looks positive given its proven linear relationship with the crude oil and non-linear with the US dollar.The much-awaited gold exchange-traded funds would provide a very good vehicle to the investors and a sensible alternative to the current forms available for investment. Advantages The value of gold tends to be stable from year to year and is considered not affected by inflation / zero inflation effect, and very rarely gold prices fell, and gold can also be used for collection and as jewelry. Investment in Gold is a lso good as a way of diversifying the property and remedy could be a good alternative, especially in unstable conditions, gold can be as a tool to hedge.Gold prices also tend to be stable due to the gold commodity in the world cannot grow. One other advantage is the price of gold is pegged in U. S. dollars, so when an increase in the value of U. S. dollar. You can get two immediate benefits of the increase in dollars and also increase the price of gold itself. But can the same condition, when the gold price was falling. But for the long term gold prices tend to stabilize and rise. Disadvantages Lack of investment in gold is the factor of storage / storage and treatment / handling. Storing gold in large quantities relatively risky and expensive.Also, if storage is not good, though wrapped in protective cover, allowing the oxidation and discoloration. Especially in the form of gold coins, if you fall, dented, or chipped, it’s hard for re-treatment and could reduce the price. In gold investments, you tend to be more careful and pay attention in terms of maintenance and storage. Another One drawback is its relatively stable returns and less exciting than stocks or property. Also, it is not advisable to invest in gold only in the short term (1 year or less). So, based on the strengths and weaknesses are, in my opinion tend to be more precise gold to hedge / hedging of the investment. . 8 REAL ESTATE Overview Real estate is a great investment option, as it gives you capital appreciation and rental income. It’s an investment option since it fights inflation. The fundamentals for investing in property markets remain strong in India – relatively low interest rates, strong capital flows, high employment growth, abundant liquidity, attractive demographics (young population and migration from West), increase in affordability, and a large supply of stock to keep up with demand and focus on quality. The price you pay for a property should reflect the fu ture rent/income at which you let it.As in the stock market, the prices in real estate are also driven by sentiments. All that is required to reverse a price movement is a change in sentiment. Start saving for a home the moment you begin your career. Early acquisition helps you to repay your home loan well within your working life. Also, the EMI as a percentage of your salary decreases as your pay increases making the outflows more affordable. If you lock into the interest rate for the loan, the interest outflow will be less than the compounding effect of  inflation. You should be very clear about why you want to invest in real estate.It is a very good tool for wealth creation but like all other assets, has its share of risks. Careful planning, however, can minimize the risks. Property has proved a relatively secure investment over the past quarter decade in, with returns above 8 per cent in some metropolitan markets, but what should you consider before directing your savings to a n investment property? Advantages of investment properties In general, property is considered a fairly low-risk investment, and can be less volatile than shares (although, this is not always the case).Some of the advantages of investing in property include: * Tax benefits A number of deductions can be claimed on your tax return, such as interest paid on the loan, repairs and maintenance, rates and taxes, insurance, agent's fees, travel to and from the property to facilitate repairs, and buildings depreciation. * Negative gearing Tax deductions can also be claimed as a result of  negative gearing, where the costs of keeping the investment property exceed the income gained from it. * Long-term investment Many people like the idea of an investment that can fund them in their retirement.Rental housing is one sector that rarely decreases in price, making it a good potential option for long-term investments. * Positive asset base There are many benefits from having an investment propert y when deciding to take out another loan or invest in something else. Showing your potential lender that you have the ability to maintain a loan without defaulting will be highly regarded. The property can also be useful as security when taking out another home, car or  personal loan. * Safety aspect Low-risk investments are always popular with untrained â€Å"mum and dad† investors.Property fits these criteria with returns in some country areas reaching 10% per year. Housing in metropolitan areas is constantly in demand with the high purchase price being offset by substantial rental income and a yearly return of between 4% and 8%. * High leverage possibilities Investment properties can be purchased at 80% LVR (loan to valuation ratio), or up to 90% LVR with  mortgage insurance. The LVR is calculated by taking the amount of the loan and dividing it by the value of the property, as determined by the lender.This high leverage capacity results in a higher return for the inve stor at a lower risk due to having less personal finances ties up in the property (80% of the purchase price was provided by the mortgagee). By choosing a property intelligently, investors can make this form of investment work for them. However, as with all investments there are some disadvantages to be aware of. Disadvantages of investment properties Some potential problems to consider: * Liquidity It's true; you can sell the property if things go bad. However this can take many months unless you're willing to accept a price less than the property is worth.Unlike the stock market, you will have to wait for any financial rewards. * Vacancies There will be times when mortgage payments will need to be covered out of your own pocket due to your property being untenanted. This could just be a result of a gap between tenants or because of maintenance issues. * Bad tenants It's every investment property owner's worst nightmare: problem tenants. They can significantly damage your property, refuse to pay rent and refuse to leave. Disputes can sometimes take months to resolve. * Rising interest ratesIf your  investment loan  has a variable interest rate, there is always the risk of economic conditions causing interest rates to rise. If not properly budgeted for, rising interest rates could cause an investor financial stress where concerns of liquidity and quickly selling the property become a reality. When interested rates are on the up, liquidity in property markets starts to dry up. * Property oversupply In recent years, inner-city builders have created a glut of high-rise apartment blocks, resulting in fierce competition and many units being increasingly difficult to rent out. * Ongoing costsIn addition to the standard costs associated with a property, ongoing maintenance costs, especially with an older building, can be substantial. * Putting all your eggs in one basket If you have all your money tied up in property, overexposure to one particular type of invest ment can be a dangerous thing. If the property market crashes you can stand to lose significantly. * Capital Gains Tax Imposed by the Federal Government on the appreciation of investments and payable on disposal. * Other costs Negative gearing may offer tax deductions each financial year, however ongoing payments to cover the shortfall need to be budgeted for every month.Also, costs involved in purchasing and disposing of the property can be substantial. 2. 9 FOREX Overview If you read about investing, you've seen the word Forex trading. But because Forex doesn't get much publicity in the major publications and websites, many investors don't know that Forex is  just short for â€Å"foreign exchange†. So trading the Forex market is simply trading foreign currencies. As recently as ten years ago, currency trading had high barriers to entry, so only large bank in gland institutional firms had access to the tools and systems required to play in the Forex trading game.Recently, however, technology has developed to the point that any individual investor can hop right in and trade with one of the many online platforms. When buying and selling in the Forex currency trading system market, you'll see that there are four â€Å"currency pairs† that dominate the percentage of trades. Those four are the Euro vs U. S. Dollar, US Dollar vs Japanese Yen, US Dollar vs Swiss Franc, and US Dollar vs British Pound. The goal when investing in currency is to be holding a currency that appreciates in value in relation to the other currencies.To use an overly simplistic example, if you bought 50 British Pounds for 100 US Dollars, held the Pounds for 1 week, and in that period the value of Pounds increased in relation to US Dollars, you could then convert those Pounds back into dollars for, say, $120. Unlike the domestic stock markets, the Forex currency trading is open for trades 24 hours a day. Much like the phrase â€Å"it's always noon somewhere,† it's always business hours at some region of  the globe. Since every country trades on the FX market, and its open all day, the daily volume is roughly $1. trillion, which dwarfs that of the NYSE. Another comparison to make in order to truly realize the magnitude of the Forex market is with the currency futures market (which has around 1% of the daily volume). 2. 10 FIXED DEPOSITS The same as a term or time deposit. Money may be placed with a bank, merchant bank, building society or credit union for a fixed term at a fixed rate of interest which remains unchanged during the period of the deposit. Depositors may have to accept an interest penalty if they break the deposit, i e, ask to take the money out before the agreed period has expired.Few points which FD investors must consider at the time of investment: I. Safety: FDs have conventionally been the premier choice for investors with a low risk appetite; assured returns is the key factor which attracts investors towards deposits. Stick to F Ds of the highest credit rating i. e. those with a â€Å"AAA† rating even if their rates seem modest vis-a-vis those offered by company deposits. II. Tenure: Short tenured fixed deposits continue to be your best bet. With interest rates on the ascent, a further hike in rates offered by fixed deposits cannot be ruled out.Locking your investments in longer tenured instruments may lead to an opportunity loss. III. Liquidity: Find out how FD fares on the pre-mature encashment front i. e. how easily can your investment be liquidated. Also enquire about the penalty clauses, e. g. do you suffer a loss of interest and/or principal amount. Compare how various FDs rank on this parameter and pick the best deal; thereby try to minimize the impact of illiquidity which  is typically associated with FDs. IV. Additional benefit: Fixed deposits from reputed entities offer additional benefits, e. g. hey can be used as collateral against which loans can be raised. Select a fixed deposit schem e which scores favorably on such parameters. Any investment portfolio should comprise the right mix of safe, moderate and risky investments. While mutual funds and stocks are the favorite contenders for moderate and risky investments, fixed deposits, government bonds etc. are considered safe investments. Fixed deposits have been particularly popular among a large section of investors in India as a safe investment option for a long period. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4. 1 Scope of ResearchThe present financial market is flooded with a lot investment instruments, viz. , Shares, Bonds, Mutual funds, Insurance plans, Fixed Deposits, other money and capital market instruments and also various options of investment in Real Estate and Commodity Market etc. Sometimes people refer to these options as â€Å"investment vehicles,† which is just another way of saying â€Å"a way to invest. † Each of these vehicles has its own positives and negatives and ultimate decision of investment is influenced by the individual investor’s perception regarding the risk and return of concerned investment opportunity available in the market.Further, the investment decisions is full of complexity because of volatility of market conditions, Inflation rate fluctuations, impact of Global environment, Cash reserve ratio, and Repo rates. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze these factors while taking an investment decision. Keeping above in mind, the study has been done to see the perception of investors which provides understanding to readers about the various factors which should be keep in mind at the time of investment.The study is useful to company in providing the understanding about the investors’ perception to devise the suitable product/marketing strategies, which would helps it in making  their policies or  strategies in order  to attract them. Further. Financial planner get  advent to  make portfolio  according to  response given by  respond ents, which belong to different occupations, having different income level, different age level or which instrument is mostly like by the investors for investment. The study would further helpful for readers in understanding about the various investment opportunities available in the market. . 2 Management Question Now a day there is immense competition available in the market for getting customers, and finance service providers are not except from this competition. The present financial environment provides ample opportunities of investment to the investors. The decision to invest in right instrument is too complex which can meet their expectations perfectly. In the present scenario, customers are aware about the most of the financial instruments available in the market, and also know the advantage and pitfall of every investment options.Different types of customer consider various parameters while investing. So it becomes crucial for the company to know the preference of every cus tomer. Some customer invests for the tax saving, where as other invests to gain capital appraisal benefit. So management of a company should consider the perception of customer regarding available investment option. The process of Customization becomes the difficult in convincing the customers. So this study helps the management to understand the awareness, preference, perception and adaptability towards different financial instruments. . 3 Objective of study Primary Objective: * To know the perception as well as preference of customers towards different financial instruments. Secondary Objective: * To know the advantage and disadvantage of different financial instruments * To know the various factors affecting investment options * To know the purpose of investment The money you earn is partly spent and the rest is saved for meeting future expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This is called Investment.I nvestment is ‘the act of committing money or  capital to an endeavor with the expectation of obtaining an additional income or profit. ’ There are ample Financial Instruments available in the market for investment; each instrument has its own features. To invest money in financial instruments is not so easy. It needs depth study where to invest so that their investment could be safe along with the growth of money. In present scenario everyone wants to invest his money but having their own different objectives. It may be growth of capital, tax minimization, retirement planning, to balance out inflation rate, safety etc.The investors always mess with these objectives which creates confusion of where to invest, which tendency they have to prefer at the time of investment, which factors which influence their investment decisions, how to plan their investment portfolio and to whom to prefer for taking that all decisions. So that study is based on investor’s percepti on regarding their investment. It includes what they think at the time of investment, what are the various factors they keep in mind at investment or affects their decisions regarding investment.The investment decision is very typical to take, as it needs proper planning. So the concept of financial planning has to be taken in this study. 4. 4 Research Design Descriptive Research: * Involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data. * Uses description as a tool to organize data into patterns that emerge during analysis. * Often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader Descript